Articles and updates on pediatric cardiology, congenital heart disease and fetal heart care, written by Dr. Gaurav Agrawal.
AP Window Diagnosis
Aorto-pulmonary window is a rare congenital heart defect with a wide left-to-right shunt and early heart-failure symptoms.
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Aorto-Pulmonary Window (AP Window)
An overview of AP window — types, presentation and treatment options including surgical and device closure approaches.
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What is the Treatment of VSD?
A practical overview of how ventricular septal defects are managed in infants and children.
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How is VSD Diagnosed?
The diagnostic work-up for ventricular septal defect — from clinical examination to echocardiography.
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Symptoms Due to Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
How VSD presents in children — from a silent murmur to feeding difficulty and recurrent chest infections.
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Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) — Overview
Anatomy, types, presentation and modern management of VSDs in children.
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Treatment of Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
Medical and procedural treatment options for PDA in preterm infants, term babies and older children.
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Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) in Children
What PDA is, how it presents and why timely closure matters.
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Treatment of Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
When and how an ASD is closed — device closure versus surgery.
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Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
Anatomy, types and natural history of atrial septal defects in children.
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Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HOCM)
An overview of HOCM in children — genetics, presentation and surveillance.
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Infective Endocarditis (IE)
Infection of the inner lining of the heart — risk factors, diagnosis and prevention in children with congenital heart disease.
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Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD)
Rheumatic fever and chronic rheumatic valve disease — still a common cause of acquired heart disease in children worldwide.
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Long QT Syndrome (LQTS)
An inherited rhythm disorder with a small but real risk of fainting and sudden cardiac death.
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Single Ventricle Physiology
When only one functional pumping chamber is present — staged surgical palliation through the Fontan pathway.
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How PDA Presents in Children
A summary of how patent ductus arteriosus presents at different ages.
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Management of Coarctation of Aorta (COA)
Treatment options for COA — surgery, balloon angioplasty and stenting.
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Presentation of Severe Aortic Stenosis
How severe aortic stenosis presents in newborns, infants and older children.
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Management of Valvular Aortic Stenosis
Treatment ladder for valvular aortic stenosis in children — from balloon valvuloplasty to surgery.
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